Steam Engine

A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid.Using boiling water to produce mechanical motion goes back about 2,000 years, but early devices were not practical. Since the late 1700s steam engines have become a major source of mechanical power. The first applications were removing water from mines. In 1781 James Watt invented a steam engine that produced continuous rotative motion. The engines could be sited anywhere that water and coal or wood fuel could be obtained. Within a century,in 1883, engines that could provide 10,000 hp were feasible.  Steam engines could also be applied to vehicles such as traction engines and the railway locomotives which are commonly just called steam engines outside America. The stationary steam engine was an important component of the Industrial Revolution, overcoming the limitations imposed by shortage of sites suitable for water mill and allowing factories to locate where water power was unavailable.

Steam engine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2013. Steam engine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_engine.

Realism

The realism movement originated in France in the early 1850’s. The people who began this movement consider themselves people against romanticism. Realism focuses more on the accurate and truthful depiction of the subject (reality). This movement attempted to portray ordinary lives, problems, appearances, humble and lower classes. A lot of paintings were done at this time that showed people at work and the suffering, because at that time there was the Industrial Revolution being taken place.

Realist artists chose subjects from everyday life around them. Thus, some of the work of the French artists Gustave Courbet one of which is called  The Stonebreakers made in1850, Honoré Daumier, and Jean François Millet has been described as social realism.

The Realism Art Movement. 2013. The Realism Art Movement. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.artsmypassion.com/articles.asp?ID=306. [

Realism (art and literature) . 2013. Realism (art and literature) . [ONLINE] Available at:https://autocww2.colorado.edu/~toldy3/E64ContentFiles/PeriodsAndStyles/Realism.h

William Turner

William Turner, who was usually known as ‘Turner of Oxford’ to distinguish him from his more celebrated contemporary, was born at Blackbourton in Oxfordshire in 1789. His parents died when he was young and he was brought up by an uncle who lived first at Burford and later at the manor house at Shipton-on-Cherwell. Noting the boy’s talent for art, the uncle dispatched him at the age of fifteen to London where he was apprenticed to John Varley, one of the leading water-colour artists of his day. As a very young man Turner was outstandingly successful and while still in his teens was elected a full member of the Old Water-Colour Society. At the age of twenty-one he returned to Oxford and moved with his wife to 16 St John Street where he continued both to paint and to teach. Although his talent did not decline his reputation did and it was only partly rescued by John Ruskin.  Turner died in 1862 at his home.

One of his best known pictures is a view of the city of Oxford from Hinksey Hill.

It ‘s medium is watercolour that shows oxford from Hinksey Hill. It was painted in the 19^th century, today it can be found in the Town Hall in Oxford. 

 Oxford from Hinksey Hill by Turner, William (Turner of Oxford) (1789-1862) - Bridgeman art images & historical footage for licensing . 2013. Oxford from Hinksey Hill by Turner, William (Turner of Oxford) (1789-1862) - Bridgeman art images & historical footage for licensing . [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.bridgemanart.com/asset/49558/Turner-William-Turner-of-Oxford-1789-1862/Oxford-from-Hinksey-Hill?search_context=%7B%22url%22%3A%22%5C%2Fsearch%5C%2Fartist%5C%2FTurner-William-Turner-of-Oxford-1789-1862%5C%2F2135%22%2C%22num_results%22%3A%2234%22%2C%22search_type%22%3A%22creator_assets%22%2C%22creator_id%22%3A%222135%22%2C%22item_index%22%3A8%7D

William Turner, Oxford from Hinksey Hill. 2013. William Turner, Oxford from Hinksey Hill. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.oxfordcards.org.uk/Turner_Oxford_from_Hinksey_Hill.html. 

The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution was the change to new manufacturing processes that occurred in the period from about 1760 to some time between 1820 and 1840. This change included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power and development of machine tools.  The Industrial revolution began in Britain.During this time there were many artistic movements during the period of Britain's industrialization, by the time that the Industrial Revolution really took hold, some artists were at differences with the ideals which it embraced, such as those of discipline, temperance, structure, and views of the Enlightenment. These feelings translated into the Romantic movement, which encouraged individualism, freedom, and emotion.

During the Industrial Revolution many movements occurred  some of which are neo-classicism that was from 1750 to 1820. Some artists from this movement are John Nash, Antonio Canova and Hiram Powers.
Romanticism that was from 1800 to 1850. Artists : John Constable, J.M.W Turner and Claude Lorraine.
Realism that was from 1845 to 1900. Artists: George Eliot, Mark Twain and Henry James.
Pre-Raphaelite that was from 1850 to 1900. Artists: Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Everett Millaisand William Holman.
Impressionism and Post Impressionism that was from Late 19th Century. Artists: Edgar Degas, Claude Monet and Vincent Van Gogh.

The Industrial Revolution - Impact. 2013. The Industrial Revolution - Impact. [ONLINE] Available at: http://industrialrevolution.sea.ca/impact.html. 
Industrial Revolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2013. Industrial Revolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution. 

Andy Warhol

Andy Warhol was born in 1928 and died in 1987, he was an American artist who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art. His works explore the relationship between artistic expression, celebrity culture and advertisement that flourished by the 1960s. In the United States there is a large museum dedicated to him called The Andy Warhol Museum. Warhol's art consists of many forms of media, including hand drawing, painting, printmaking, photography, silk screening, sculpture, film, and music. He also used computer generated art in 1984. He founded Interview Magazine and was the author of many books, including The Philosophy of Andy Warhol and Popism: The Warhol Sixties. The highest price ever paid for a Warhol painting is US$100 million for a 1963 canvas titled Eight Elvises.

Andy Warhol is most famous for Marilyn Diptych made in 1962 were  twenty-five pictures on the left side of the diptych are brightly colored, while the twenty-five on the right are in black and white. This work was made a few weeks after Marilyn Monroe’s death.

Eight Elvises - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2013. Eight Elvises - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Elvises.

Andy Warhol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2013. Andy Warhol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Warhol.

Romanticism

Romanticism was an artistic movement. That started in Europe towards the end of the 18th century and in most areas from 1800 to 1850. Romanticism was a reaction against the order and restraint of classicism and neoclassicism. The Industrial Revolution was also a rebellion against aristocratic social and political norms. It showed most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major clash on historiography, education and the natural sciences. This movement justified many strong emotions such as horror, terror, fear and awe. It transformed poetry, the novel, drama, painting, sculpture, all forms of concert music, and ballet. It was connected with the politics of the time, echoing people's fears, hopes, and aspirations. It was the voice of revolution at the beginning of the 19th century and the voice of the Establishment the end of it.

Definition of romanticism in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English). 2013. Definition of romanticism in Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English). [ONLINE] Available at:http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/romanticism. 

Romanticism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2013. Romanticism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism.